EVS

Nutrients, digestive organs, food groups and how the body processes food

Seed dispersal, germination conditions, plant parts and their functions

How animals see, hear, smell and sense — nocturnal vs diurnal, adaptations

Traits inherited from parents, dominant vs recessive features, family resemblance

Diseases spread by mosquitoes, breeding conditions, prevention and treatment

Forest layers, food chains, endangered animals, deforestation and conservation

How food spoils, traditional and modern methods — drying, pickling, refrigeration, pasteurisation

Water cycle, sources of water, water scarcity and conservation methods

Altitude effects on breathing, Ladakhi shelter and yak lifestyle, air properties

Earth's shape, rotation, seasons, life in space, solar system planets, comets and asteroids

Tectonic plates, focus, epicentre, Richter scale, safety actions

Renewable vs non-renewable energy, fossil fuels, conservation methods

How animals breathe — lungs, gills, spiracles; warm vs cold-blooded animals; temperature regulation

Kharif, rabi and zaid crops, soil types, farming steps, heirloom vs hybrid seeds

Bakarwal, Gaddi shepherds, seasonal and economic migration, challenges faced by nomadic families

Cardinal and intercardinal directions, compass rose, map legend, scale, political vs physical maps